30 real Grid & Utility Operations questions from the Plant & Utility Ops bank, as asked in Indian campus drives and tech interviews. Every question has a verified answer and an AI-tutor explanation on placd — free to start.
1. What is Load despatch hierarchy?
Junior
A.IEGC requires system frequency to be held between 49.90 and 50.05 Hz, with generators giving primary response outside a ±0.03 Hz dead band
B.three-part tariff: capacity charge paid on declared availability, energy charge on scheduled energy, and a deviation charge for departing from the schedule
C.CERC regulation, 2023 edition in force from October 2023, setting connectivity, planning, operation, scheduling and protection obligations for all grid users
D.NLDC under Grid Controller of India (formerly POSOCO) at the top, five RLDCs for the NR, WR, SR, ER and NER regions, and an SLDC in each state
2. Which term means: "NLDC under Grid Controller of India (formerly POSOCO) at the top, five RLDCs for the NR, WR, SR, ER and NER regions, and an SLDC in each state"?
A.Load despatch hierarchy — CERC regulation, 2023 edition in force from October 2023, setting connectivity, planning, operation, scheduling and protection obligations for all grid users
B.Load despatch hierarchy — NLDC under Grid Controller of India (formerly POSOCO) at the top, five RLDCs for the NR, WR, SR, ER and NER regions, and an SLDC in each state
C.Load despatch hierarchy — aggregate technical and commercial loss equals one minus billing efficiency times collection efficiency; India's figure fell from about 22% in FY21 to about 15% by FY23
D.Load despatch hierarchy — restoration after total collapse using hydro or gas units that can start without grid supply to energise dead lines and give station supply to thermal units, per RLDC procedures
A.df/dt and under-frequency relays separate a generating station with a matched load pocket from a collapsing grid, as Mumbai's scheme has done during regional disturbances
B.control-centre software above SCADA that runs state estimation, contingency analysis and automatic generation control on telemetry received over IEC 60870-5-104 and ICCP
C.aggregate technical and commercial loss equals one minus billing efficiency times collection efficiency; India's figure fell from about 22% in FY21 to about 15% by FY23
D.CERC regulation, 2023 edition in force from October 2023, setting connectivity, planning, operation, scheduling and protection obligations for all grid users
5. Which term means: "CERC regulation, 2023 edition in force from October 2023, setting connectivity, planning, operation, scheduling and protection obligations for all grid users"?
A.Indian Electricity Grid Code — CERC regulation, 2023 edition in force from October 2023, setting connectivity, planning, operation, scheduling and protection obligations for all grid users
B.Indian Electricity Grid Code — NLDC under Grid Controller of India (formerly POSOCO) at the top, five RLDCs for the NR, WR, SR, ER and NER regions, and an SLDC in each state
C.Indian Electricity Grid Code — CERC DSM Regulations 2022 charge each 15-minute block of deviation from schedule at a normal rate with frequency- and volume-linked multipliers, replacing unscheduled interchange
D.Indian Electricity Grid Code — IEGC requires system frequency to be held between 49.90 and 50.05 Hz, with generators giving primary response outside a ±0.03 Hz dead band
A.IEGC requires system frequency to be held between 49.90 and 50.05 Hz, with generators giving primary response outside a ±0.03 Hz dead band
B.control-centre software above SCADA that runs state estimation, contingency analysis and automatic generation control on telemetry received over IEC 60870-5-104 and ICCP
C.CERC DSM Regulations 2022 charge each 15-minute block of deviation from schedule at a normal rate with frequency- and volume-linked multipliers, replacing unscheduled interchange
D.aggregate technical and commercial loss equals one minus billing efficiency times collection efficiency; India's figure fell from about 22% in FY21 to about 15% by FY23
8. Which term means: "IEGC requires system frequency to be held between 49.90 and 50.05 Hz, with generators giving primary response outside a ±0.03 Hz dead band"?
A.Grid frequency band — aggregate technical and commercial loss equals one minus billing efficiency times collection efficiency; India's figure fell from about 22% in FY21 to about 15% by FY23
B.Grid frequency band — IEGC requires system frequency to be held between 49.90 and 50.05 Hz, with generators giving primary response outside a ±0.03 Hz dead band
C.Grid frequency band — three-part tariff: capacity charge paid on declared availability, energy charge on scheduled energy, and a deviation charge for departing from the schedule
D.Grid frequency band — CERC DSM Regulations 2022 charge each 15-minute block of deviation from schedule at a normal rate with frequency- and volume-linked multipliers, replacing unscheduled interchange
A.CERC regulation, 2023 edition in force from October 2023, setting connectivity, planning, operation, scheduling and protection obligations for all grid users
B.three-part tariff: capacity charge paid on declared availability, energy charge on scheduled energy, and a deviation charge for departing from the schedule
C.about 3–4% of energy wheeled on the ISTS, computed weekly by the RLDC from metered injections and drawals and apportioned to all users of the region pro rata
D.IEGC requires system frequency to be held between 49.90 and 50.05 Hz, with generators giving primary response outside a ±0.03 Hz dead band
11. Which term means: "three-part tariff: capacity charge paid on declared availability, energy charge on scheduled energy, and a deviation charge for departing from the schedule"?
A.Availability-based tariff — aggregate technical and commercial loss equals one minus billing efficiency times collection efficiency; India's figure fell from about 22% in FY21 to about 15% by FY23
B.Availability-based tariff — IEGC requires system frequency to be held between 49.90 and 50.05 Hz, with generators giving primary response outside a ±0.03 Hz dead band
C.Availability-based tariff — df/dt and under-frequency relays separate a generating station with a matched load pocket from a collapsing grid, as Mumbai's scheme has done during regional disturbances
D.Availability-based tariff — three-part tariff: capacity charge paid on declared availability, energy charge on scheduled energy, and a deviation charge for departing from the schedule
A.CERC regulation, 2023 edition in force from October 2023, setting connectivity, planning, operation, scheduling and protection obligations for all grid users
B.IEGC requires system frequency to be held between 49.90 and 50.05 Hz, with generators giving primary response outside a ±0.03 Hz dead band
C.control-centre software above SCADA that runs state estimation, contingency analysis and automatic generation control on telemetry received over IEC 60870-5-104 and ICCP
D.CERC DSM Regulations 2022 charge each 15-minute block of deviation from schedule at a normal rate with frequency- and volume-linked multipliers, replacing unscheduled interchange
14. Which term means: "CERC DSM Regulations 2022 charge each 15-minute block of deviation from schedule at a normal rate with frequency- and volume-linked multipliers, replacing unscheduled interchange"?
A.Deviation settlement mechanism — df/dt and under-frequency relays separate a generating station with a matched load pocket from a collapsing grid, as Mumbai's scheme has done during regional disturbances
B.Deviation settlement mechanism — control-centre software above SCADA that runs state estimation, contingency analysis and automatic generation control on telemetry received over IEC 60870-5-104 and ICCP
C.Deviation settlement mechanism — CERC DSM Regulations 2022 charge each 15-minute block of deviation from schedule at a normal rate with frequency- and volume-linked multipliers, replacing unscheduled interchange
D.Deviation settlement mechanism — NLDC under Grid Controller of India (formerly POSOCO) at the top, five RLDCs for the NR, WR, SR, ER and NER regions, and an SLDC in each state
A.control-centre software above SCADA that runs state estimation, contingency analysis and automatic generation control on telemetry received over IEC 60870-5-104 and ICCP
B.aggregate technical and commercial loss equals one minus billing efficiency times collection efficiency; India's figure fell from about 22% in FY21 to about 15% by FY23
C.NLDC under Grid Controller of India (formerly POSOCO) at the top, five RLDCs for the NR, WR, SR, ER and NER regions, and an SLDC in each state
D.restoration after total collapse using hydro or gas units that can start without grid supply to energise dead lines and give station supply to thermal units, per RLDC procedures
17. Which term means: "control-centre software above SCADA that runs state estimation, contingency analysis and automatic generation control on telemetry received over IEC 60870-5-104 and ICCP"?
A.Energy management system — control-centre software above SCADA that runs state estimation, contingency analysis and automatic generation control on telemetry received over IEC 60870-5-104 and ICCP
B.Energy management system — about 3–4% of energy wheeled on the ISTS, computed weekly by the RLDC from metered injections and drawals and apportioned to all users of the region pro rata
C.Energy management system — IEGC requires system frequency to be held between 49.90 and 50.05 Hz, with generators giving primary response outside a ±0.03 Hz dead band
D.Energy management system — CERC regulation, 2023 edition in force from October 2023, setting connectivity, planning, operation, scheduling and protection obligations for all grid users
A.df/dt and under-frequency relays separate a generating station with a matched load pocket from a collapsing grid, as Mumbai's scheme has done during regional disturbances
B.three-part tariff: capacity charge paid on declared availability, energy charge on scheduled energy, and a deviation charge for departing from the schedule
C.control-centre software above SCADA that runs state estimation, contingency analysis and automatic generation control on telemetry received over IEC 60870-5-104 and ICCP
D.IEGC requires system frequency to be held between 49.90 and 50.05 Hz, with generators giving primary response outside a ±0.03 Hz dead band
20. Which term means: "df/dt and under-frequency relays separate a generating station with a matched load pocket from a collapsing grid, as Mumbai's scheme has done during regional disturbances"?
A.Islanding scheme — CERC DSM Regulations 2022 charge each 15-minute block of deviation from schedule at a normal rate with frequency- and volume-linked multipliers, replacing unscheduled interchange
B.Islanding scheme — restoration after total collapse using hydro or gas units that can start without grid supply to energise dead lines and give station supply to thermal units, per RLDC procedures
C.Islanding scheme — df/dt and under-frequency relays separate a generating station with a matched load pocket from a collapsing grid, as Mumbai's scheme has done during regional disturbances
D.Islanding scheme — aggregate technical and commercial loss equals one minus billing efficiency times collection efficiency; India's figure fell from about 22% in FY21 to about 15% by FY23
A.aggregate technical and commercial loss equals one minus billing efficiency times collection efficiency; India's figure fell from about 22% in FY21 to about 15% by FY23
B.three-part tariff: capacity charge paid on declared availability, energy charge on scheduled energy, and a deviation charge for departing from the schedule
C.restoration after total collapse using hydro or gas units that can start without grid supply to energise dead lines and give station supply to thermal units, per RLDC procedures
D.df/dt and under-frequency relays separate a generating station with a matched load pocket from a collapsing grid, as Mumbai's scheme has done during regional disturbances
23. Which term means: "restoration after total collapse using hydro or gas units that can start without grid supply to energise dead lines and give station supply to thermal units, per RLDC procedures"?
A.Black start — df/dt and under-frequency relays separate a generating station with a matched load pocket from a collapsing grid, as Mumbai's scheme has done during regional disturbances
B.Black start — control-centre software above SCADA that runs state estimation, contingency analysis and automatic generation control on telemetry received over IEC 60870-5-104 and ICCP
C.Black start — restoration after total collapse using hydro or gas units that can start without grid supply to energise dead lines and give station supply to thermal units, per RLDC procedures
D.Black start — CERC DSM Regulations 2022 charge each 15-minute block of deviation from schedule at a normal rate with frequency- and volume-linked multipliers, replacing unscheduled interchange
A.control-centre software above SCADA that runs state estimation, contingency analysis and automatic generation control on telemetry received over IEC 60870-5-104 and ICCP
B.about 3–4% of energy wheeled on the ISTS, computed weekly by the RLDC from metered injections and drawals and apportioned to all users of the region pro rata
C.NLDC under Grid Controller of India (formerly POSOCO) at the top, five RLDCs for the NR, WR, SR, ER and NER regions, and an SLDC in each state
D.aggregate technical and commercial loss equals one minus billing efficiency times collection efficiency; India's figure fell from about 22% in FY21 to about 15% by FY23
26. Which term means: "about 3–4% of energy wheeled on the ISTS, computed weekly by the RLDC from metered injections and drawals and apportioned to all users of the region pro rata"?
A.Inter-state transmission losses — control-centre software above SCADA that runs state estimation, contingency analysis and automatic generation control on telemetry received over IEC 60870-5-104 and ICCP
B.Inter-state transmission losses — CERC DSM Regulations 2022 charge each 15-minute block of deviation from schedule at a normal rate with frequency- and volume-linked multipliers, replacing unscheduled interchange
C.Inter-state transmission losses — NLDC under Grid Controller of India (formerly POSOCO) at the top, five RLDCs for the NR, WR, SR, ER and NER regions, and an SLDC in each state
D.Inter-state transmission losses — about 3–4% of energy wheeled on the ISTS, computed weekly by the RLDC from metered injections and drawals and apportioned to all users of the region pro rata
A.CERC regulation, 2023 edition in force from October 2023, setting connectivity, planning, operation, scheduling and protection obligations for all grid users
B.three-part tariff: capacity charge paid on declared availability, energy charge on scheduled energy, and a deviation charge for departing from the schedule
C.df/dt and under-frequency relays separate a generating station with a matched load pocket from a collapsing grid, as Mumbai's scheme has done during regional disturbances
D.aggregate technical and commercial loss equals one minus billing efficiency times collection efficiency; India's figure fell from about 22% in FY21 to about 15% by FY23
29. Which term means: "aggregate technical and commercial loss equals one minus billing efficiency times collection efficiency; India's figure fell from about 22% in FY21 to about 15% by FY23"?
A.AT&C losses — df/dt and under-frequency relays separate a generating station with a matched load pocket from a collapsing grid, as Mumbai's scheme has done during regional disturbances
B.AT&C losses — control-centre software above SCADA that runs state estimation, contingency analysis and automatic generation control on telemetry received over IEC 60870-5-104 and ICCP
C.AT&C losses — aggregate technical and commercial loss equals one minus billing efficiency times collection efficiency; India's figure fell from about 22% in FY21 to about 15% by FY23
D.AT&C losses — CERC DSM Regulations 2022 charge each 15-minute block of deviation from schedule at a normal rate with frequency- and volume-linked multipliers, replacing unscheduled interchange
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